Weatherproof vs Corrosion-Resistant: Nkag siab qhov txawv
Kev ntsuam xyuas IP hais txog ob yam: kev nkag mus ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev nkag mus ntawm dej. Lawv tsis hais dab tsi txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov haum thaum qhov chaw ntawd nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ntsev cua, muaj kuab paug, tshuaj ntxuav, los yog txawm cov tannins thiab acids los ntawm cov nroj tsuag teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub vaj chaw.
Corrosion yog txheej txheem tshuaj, tsis yog lub cev. Lub kaw lus zoo kawg nkaus IP65 haum tuaj yeem corrode sab nraud thaum nws sab hauv tseem qhuav thiab ua haujlwm. Kev thim rov qab kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim: qhov tsis zoo kaw nrog kev xeb zoo heev - cov khoom siv vaj tse tiv taus tuaj yeem ua kom nws cov qauv kev ncaj ncees tab sis ua tsis tiav los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau sab hauv.
Hauv kev xyaum, ob qho tib si yuav tsum tau hais txog - tab sis lawv xav tau kev txiav txim siab tsim qauv sib txawv. IP ntsuam xyuas tswj kev sealing sab hauv. Corrosion resistance tswj cov khoom siv sab nraud thiab kev xaiv kho saum npoo.
Qhov chaw nyob qhov twg corrosion yog qhov tseem ceeb durability hem:
Cov chaw ntug dej hiav txwv nyob ze li ntawm 1–5 km ntawm hiav txwv, qhov twg ntsev- nqa huab cua tso rau ntawm txhua qhov chaw raug
Kev lag luam ib puag ncig nrog acidic lossis alkaline atmospheric pollutants
Garden chaw nrog organic acid raug los ntawm cov khoom siv cog thiab mulch
Lub nroog ib puag ncig nrog siab atmospheric particulate thiab cov pa phem
Cov chaw yuav tsum tau ntxuav tsis tu ncua nrog cov tshuaj chlorine -raws li los yog acidic tu cov khoom
Cov ntaub ntawv vaj tsev thiab lawv tus cwj pwm Corrosion
Kev xaiv cov khoom siv vaj tsev yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm sib txawv - thiab ntau hom kev ua tsis tiav.
Polycarbonate - Inherently Non-Corroding, UV Matters
Polycarbonate tsis corrode nyob rau hauv cov xim hlau. Nws yog ib qho polymer - tsis muaj hlau lossis txhuas rau oxidise. Rau Super Bright Waterproof Sab Nrauv Phab Ntsa Teeb Rau Lub Vaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau vaj tsev ib puag ncig, qhov no ua rau polycarbonate ib qho kev xaiv zoo nkauj los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm corrosion.
Txawm li cas los xij, polycarbonate degrades nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv UV los ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua daim duab-oxidation: cov saw hlau polymer tawg, ua rau cov khoom daj, ua nkig, thiab thaum kawg tawg. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw sab nraum zoov, qhov no UV degradation tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ob qho tib si kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub tsev thiab cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ntawm lub diffuser lub sijhawm.
Cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb uas tiv thaiv qhov no yog UV stabilization - ntxiv ntawm UV- absorbing compounds rau polycarbonate formulation thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom. UV-stabilized PC tswj nws cov khoom thoob plaws 10+ xyoo ntawm kev raug sab nraum zoov. Tus qauv (tsis yog-stabilized) PC tuaj yeem pom pom daj nyob rau hauv 2-3 xyoos thiab cov qauv degradation hauv 5-7 xyoo.
Thaum ntsuas ib qhoSuper Bright Waterproof Sab nrauv phab ntsa teeb rau lub vajnrog polycarbonate vaj tse, paub meej tias lub PC yog UV-stabilized. Qhov no yog ib qho kev tsim tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv cov khoom, tsis yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws - nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau kev siv sab nraum zoov.
Tuag-Cast Aluminium - Cov khoom cua kub zoo heev, xav tau kev tiv thaiv nto
Aluminium yog ib qho kev xaiv nrov rau LED bulkhead vaj tse vim nws cov thermal conductivity zoo heev - nws txav cua sov tawm ntawm LED chips thiab tsav tsheb kom zoo dua li polycarbonate. Qhov zoo thermal no ncaj qha txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm cov khoom.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntshiab, aluminium tsis xeb txoj kev hlau ua - xwb, nws tsim ib txheej nyias ntawm txhuas oxide ntawm nws qhov chaw uas muab qee qhov kev tiv thaiv tus kheej -. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntsev, ib puag ncig kev lag luam, lossis txhua qhov chaw uas muaj cov dej noo thiab cov pa phem, cov txheej txheem oxide ntuj no tsis txaus. Yog tias tsis muaj kev kho saum npoo, tuag- nrum txhuas vaj tse yuav pom qhov chaw pitting thiab, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, cov txheej txheem corrosion dhau sijhawm.
Ob txoj kev kho saum npoo muab kev tiv thaiv zoo:
Anodizing hloov cov txheej txheej ntawm txhuas mus rau hauv ib txheej tuab, tawv, inert aluminium oxide txheej (raws li qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov oxide nyias). Cov txheej no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov txhuas nto - nws tsis tuaj yeem flake tawm ntawm txoj kev txheej txheej. Qhov zoo anodising rau sab nraum zoov siv teeb pom kev zoo yog feem ntau 15-25 µm tuab. Anodised aluminium yog corrosion kuj heev -resistant thiab haum rau cov ntug hiav txwv dej.
Hmoov txheej siv cov txheej txheem polymer rau txhuas nto los ntawm electrostatic tsuag thiab qhov cub curing. Lub tsho tiv no zoo ntawm 60-80 µm thickness muab lub cev tawv, UV- ruaj khov, corrosion- tiv thaiv thaiv. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv yog txheej kev ncaj ncees - kev puas tsuaj rau cov hmoov txheej (scratches, chips ntawm mounting qhov, txiav npoo) tsim ib qho chaw nkag rau corrosion. Cov khoom siv sab nraum zoov zoo siv ua ntej- kho aluminium (chromate lossis zoo ib yam primer) ua ntej cov hmoov txheej los xyuas kom meej adhesion thiab corrosion kuj txawm tias lub tsho tiv no puas.
Stainless hlau Hardware
Lub vaj tse thiab diffuser tau txais kev saib xyuas feem ntau hauv kev sib tham txog kev xeb, tab sis kev kho - screws, mounting brackets, cable gland body - feem ntau yog thawj cov khoom ua tsis tiav hauv qhov chaw corrosive. Txheem me me hlau los yog zinc-plated screws yuav pom xeb nyob rau hauv lub hlis nyob rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv tej yam kev mob.
Zoo sab nraum zoov fittings rau corrosive ib puag ncig qhia A2 los yog A4 qib stainless hlau rau tag nrho cov raug kho vajtse. A2 stainless muab zoo corrosion kuj rau feem ntau sab nraum zoov ib puag ncig. A4 (qib marine, nrog ntxiv molybdenum) yog qhov tsim nyog rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov ncaj qha ntsev tsuag ntawm hiav txwv.
Cov khoom tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov haum txiav txim siab nws lub neej corrosion. Ib lub vaj tsev polycarbonate nrog cov khoom siv hlau tsis muaj steel yuav outlasting ib lub vaj tsev polycarbonate nrog cov hlau me me hauv ib puag ncig - txawm tias lub tsev nws tus kheej yuav nyob ntev dua.
Kev kho deg thiab txheej txheej uas txuas ntxiv lub neej corrosion
Tshaj li cov khoom siv hauv paus, ntau qhov chaw kho mob txhim kho corrosion ntawm sab nraum zoov LED fittings.
Hmoov Txheej Zoo thiab Thickness
Hmoov txheej thickness ncaj qha cuam tshuam nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Ib txheej siv ntawm 40 µm muab kev tiv thaiv txaus nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig me me. Rau kev siv ntug hiav txwv thiab kev lag luam, 60-80 µm yog qhov tsim nyog. Txheej hauv qab 40 µm - uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm cov duab nyuaj uas cov tshuaj tsuag tsis sib npaug - muab kev tiv thaiv tsawg.
Kev ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo: nug tus neeg muag khoom rau kev ntsuas tshuaj ntsev rau ISO 9227 lossis ASTM B117. Qhov kev sim ntsuas no nthuav tawm cov qauv mus rau qhov tsis tu ncua ntsev pos huab thiab ntsuas lub sijhawm ua ntej pom kev xeb ntawm qhov chaw. Cov khoom siv sab nraum zoov zoo yuav tsum tiv taus yam tsawg 500 teev yam tsis pom kev xeb; cov khoom npaj rau kev siv ntug dej hiav txwv yuav tsum tsom 1, 000+ teev.
Conformal Txheej ntawm Internal PCBs
Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub qhov dej - kaw IP65 haum, siv cov txheej txheem sib xws - cov kua roj vanish nyias nyias - rau PCB thiab cov khoom tsav tsheb ntxiv ib txheej kev tiv thaiv ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas lub foob puas puas tau cuam tshuam, lub conformal txheej muab ib tug barrier ntawm noo noo thiab Circuit Court. Nws kuj tseem tiv thaiv condensation uas yuav tsim thaum lub sij hawm thauj los yog ua ntej lub fitting ua hauj lwm tag nrho.
Conformal txheej yog kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab yuav tsum tshwm sim hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau fittings npaj rau qhov xav tau ib puag ncig. RauOEM LED Bulkhead Teeb pom kev zoocov neeg yuav khoom hais txog cov khoom siv rau ntug dej hiav txwv, dej hiav txwv, lossis kev lag luam, xav tau cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm PCB yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los txhim kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom kawg.
UV Stabilization hauv Polycarbonate
Raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no, UV stabilization yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "txhim kho" kev txiav txim siab li hmoov txheej los yog anodising rau cov khoom siv polycarbonate. Lub pob UV stabilizer hauv PC tsim yog txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom siv theem thiab tsis tuaj yeem muab ntxiv tom qab - nws yuav tsum tau teev nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom.
Kev Ntsuas Cov Qauv rau Corrosion Resistance
Thaum ntsuam xyuas cov khoom rau corrosion kuj, cov qauv xeem uas muaj feem xyuam muab cov lus sib koom rau kev sib piv cov lus thov.
Kev ntsuas ntsev ntsev rau ISO 9227 (lossis nws qhov sib npaug hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas ASTM B117) nthuav tawm cov qauv mus tas li 5% sodium chloride pos huab ntawm 35℃thiab ntsuas lub sij hawm rau thawj pom corrosion. Cov txiaj ntsig yog feem ntau hais hauv cov xuab moos:
200-500 teev: haum rau cov qauv sab nraum zoov ib puag ncig deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv
500-1,000 xuab moos: tsim nyog rau thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam hauv nroog thiab cov pa phem hauv nroog
1, 000+ teev: tsim nyog rau thaj chaw ntug dej hiav txwv hauv 5 km ntawm hiav txwv
2,000+ teev: marine-qib, rau cov tshuaj ntsev ncaj qha los yog tshuaj lom neeg ib puag ncig
Thaum tus neeg muag khoom lees tias cov khoom lag luam yog "tsim nyog rau kev siv ntug hiav txwv," nug cov tshuaj ntsev ntsev hauv cov xuab moos mus rau ISO 9227. Ib tus lej muaj txiaj ntsig; "tsim nyog rau ntug hiav txwv" tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv xeem tsis yog.
IK Rating (IEC 62262) ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam kev tiv thaiv - feem ntau tau teev tseg nrog rau qhov ntsuas IP rau cov khoom siv sab nraum zoov hauv cov chaw pej xeem, cov chaw nres tsheb, lossis thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub cev. IK08 (5 joule cuam tshuam) yog qhov zoo rau kev lag luam sab nraum zoov fittings; IK10 (20 joule) rau qhov chaw xav tau tshaj plaws.
Corrosion-Resistant Design for Garden and Coastal Applications
Rau Super Bright Waterproof Sab Nrauv Phab Ntsa Teeb Rau Lub Vaj nyob rau hauv tus qauv UK lossis European vaj, cov lus qhia hauv qab no muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo:
Vaj tse: UV-stabilized polycarbonate los yog hmoov-coated txhuas (60 µm yam tsawg kawg nkaus)
Diffuser: UV-stabilized opal polycarbonate
Kho vajtse: A2 stainless hlau screws thiab cable caj pas lub cev
Gasket: Silicone roj hmab (tsis yog PVC lossis ua npuas ncauj)
PCB: Conformal coated (pom zoo rau qhov chaw ntug dej hiav txwv lossis qhov chaw ntub dej)
Cov tshuaj tsuag ntsev ua tau zoo: 500+ teev rau ISO 9227
Rau cov chaw ntug dej hiav txwv hauv 2km ntawm lub hiav txwv los yog nyob rau hauv ncaj qha ntsev tsuag raug:
Vaj tse: Anodised aluminium los yog PC nrog A4 stainless hlau kho vajtse
Tag nrho cov hlau raug: A4 marine- qib stainless
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm ntsev: 1, 000+ teev rau ISO 9227
PCB conformal txheej: yuav tsum tau
Tshaj tawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Sab Nraud Luminaire Corrosion
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauvKhoom siv thiab Corrosion(2021) tau sim aluminium alloy luminaire vaj tse nyob rau hauv simulated ntug hiav txwv ntsev tsuag tej yam kev mob thiab pom tias tsis kho tuag- nrum txhuas pom nto pitting nyob rau hauv 200 teev ntawm ntsev tsuag raug, anodised kuaj pom tsis pom corrosion ntawm 1,000 teev, thiab cov hmoov-coated qauv qhia corrosion ntawm 40 ntug ntawm cov thickness 40-6 xuab moos lees paub tias anodising muab lub sijhawm ntev tshaj - tiv thaiv rau cov ntawv thov ntug hiav txwv.
Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Fraunhofer lub koom haum rau Surface Engineering (2020) pom tias txheej txheej ntawm LED tsav PCBs txo cov dej noo- cuam tshuam txog qhov tsis ua hauj lwm los ntawm 76% hauv kev ntsuas nrawm nrawm nrawm - txhawb nqa txheej txheej raws li qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv ntxiv rau cov ntug dej hiav txwv thiab kev lag luam LED fittings.
Lub Carbon Trust qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm LED luminaire cov nqi kho mob (2023) pom tias corrosion- cuam tshuam txog kev ua tsis tiav suav rau 23% ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb pom kev ntxov ntxov ntawm cov ntug dej hiav txwv thiab cov chaw lag luam tshawb fawb - ua corrosion yog qhov thib ob feem ntau ua rau kev hloov thaum ntxov tom qab tsav tsheb tsis ua haujlwm, thiab lees paub cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam rau kev qhia txog cov khoom tsim nyog corrosion upfront{4}.
Corrosion-Resistant Garden Phab Ntsa Teeb rau Coastal Holiday Development
Ib tus neeg tsim khoom vaj khoom tsev tau ua tiav 48- chav tsev so ntug hiav txwv kev loj hlob nyob rau sab qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Askiv, kwv yees li 800 meters los ntawm hiav txwv. Sab nraud teeb pom kev zoo rau lub vaj phab ntsa, txoj kev nkag, thiab npog cov tsheb kauj vab uas yuav tsum tau ua tshwj xeeb. Tus tsim tawm txoj haujlwm dhau los ntawm qhov chaw zoo sib xws tau siv tus qauv IP65 hmoov-coated aluminium fittings - nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoos, corrosion ntawm cov cable nkag thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm mounting screws tau ua tsis tiav nyob rau hauv kwv yees li 20% ntawm fittings.
Sunhingstones pom zoo kom muaj Super Bright Waterproof Sab Nraud Phab Ntsa Teeb Rau Lub Vaj specification rau qhov project no:
Vaj tse: anodised tuag- nrum txhuas (20 µm anodise thickness)
Diffuser: UV-stabilized opal polycarbonate
Mounting hardware: A4 marine-qib stainless hlau thoob plaws
Cable caj pas: tooj dag lub cev nrog EPDM foob, stainless hlau compression txiv ntoo
PCB: conformal coated ntawm ob sab
Cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas tshuaj ntsev: 1,200 teev rau ISO 9227 - muab nrog cov ntaub ntawv xaj
Kev teeb tsa ua tiav 96 units thoob plaws txoj kev loj hlob. Ntawm 30-hli kev tshuaj xyuas:
Corrosion- cuam tshuam tsis ua haujlwm: xoom
Kev sib piv nrog rau qhov project dhau los ntawm 30 lub hlis: 9 qhov ua tsis tiav los ntawm kev xeb hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov fittings nrog tus qauv specification
Aesthetic mob: tus tsim tawm paub tseeb fittings uas tsis pom qhov deterioration, raws li kev cia siab rau cov khoom tshiab nthuav qhia
Tus tsim tawm suav nrog Sunhingstones Super Bright Waterproof Sab Nraud Phab Ntsa Teeb Rau Lub Vaj specification rau hauv lawv cov teeb pom kev zoo sab nraud spec rau tag nrho cov dej hiav txwv tom ntej.
F A Q
Q: Puas yog IP65 ntsuam xyuas txhais tau tias qhov haum yog corrosion resistant?
A: Tsis yog IP65 txhais tau hais tias qhov haum yog plua plav - nruj thiab tiv thaiv cov dav hlau dej - nws hais txog lub cev ingress ntawm dej thiab cov khoom. Corrosion yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov haum thiab ntawm kev sib txuas, thiab nws tsis raug kuaj lossis hais los ntawm qhov ntsuas IP. Ib qho haum tuaj yeem yog IP65 ntsuas thiab tseem corrode sab nraud yog tias cov khoom siv vaj tse thiab kev kho saum npoo tsis tsim nyog rau ib puag ncig.
Q: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm anodising thiab hmoov txheej rau txhuas vaj tse?
A: Anodising hloov cov txhuas nto nws tus kheej mus rau hauv ib qho nyuaj, inert oxide txheej - nws tsis tuaj yeem nti lossis flake vim nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov hlau. Hmoov txheej siv cov txheej txheem polymer rau saum cov txhuas - nws yog tawv dua tiv thaiv lub cev tab sis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntawm cov npoo los yog cov ntsiab lus puas. Anodising muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo dua nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntug hiav txwv; hmoov txheej muab kev tiv thaiv lub cev zoo dua. Qee cov khoom lag luam zoo siv ob qho tib si: anodise ua thawj qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion, hmoov txheej rau xim thiab nto tiav.
Q: Yuav ua li cas ntsev tsuag tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kuv yuav tsum tau nrhiav thaum yuav vaj phab ntsa teeb rau ib tug ntug dej hiav txwv cov cuab yeej?
A: Rau qhov chaw nyob hauv 5km ntawm hiav txwv, 1,000 teev rau ISO 9227 yog qhov tsim nyog ntsuas. Tsis pub dhau 1km lossis nyob rau hauv qhov ncaj qha tshuaj tsuag ntsev (ntsuab- saum toj lossis ntug hiav txwv), 2,000+ teev. Rau cov qauv siv hauv vaj hauv av, 500 teev yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txaus. Nug ib tus neeg muag khoom rau qhov kev xeem tiag tiag hauv cov xuab moos - "tsim nyog rau kev siv ntug hiav txwv" yam tsis muaj tus lej tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb.
Q: Puas yog cov mounting screws thiab fixings tseem ceeb npaum li cov khoom vaj tse?
A: Yog - corrosion ntawm kho cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog thawj qhov tsis pom kev, thiab nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom siv txawm tias lub tsev nws tus kheej tsis zoo. A2 stainless hlau kho vajtse yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus rau kev siv sab nraum zoov; A4 marine- qib stainless yog yuav tsum tau rau cov ntug dej hiav txwv ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv ncaj qha tshuaj tsuag tsuag. Tsis txhob siv zinc-plated lossis me me steel fixings nyob rau sab nraum zoov LED fittings.
Q: Kuv puas tuaj yeem hais qhia cov txheej txheem sib txawv thaum xaj OEM LED bulkhead teeb?
A: Yog, thiab rau txhua daim ntawv thov hauv ntug dej hiav txwv, kev lag luam, lossis siab - av noo ib puag ncig, koj yuav tsum. Conformal txheej yog txheej txheem tsim khoom siv rau PCB ntawm kev tsim khoom - nws yuav tsum tau teev raws li cov khoom yuav tsum tau, tsis ntxiv tom qab. Lub chaw tsim khoom zoo OEM LED Bulkhead Teeb pom kev zoo yuav suav nrog txheej txheej raws li kev xaiv xaiv thiab sau nws hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb.
Q: Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau lub vaj phab ntsa teeb uas yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo li qub?
A: UV-stabilized polycarbonate nyob rau hauv dawb los yog grey muab ib tug huv si, niaj hnub tsos uas tsis corrode thiab tsis yuav tsum tau pleev xim rau. Rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntau dua, anodised aluminium muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas tseem muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev. Tus yuam sij yog lees paub UV stabilization (rau PC) lossis anodising specification (rau txhuas) - tsis yog cov khoom siv ntawm daim ntawv lo.
Corrosion Resistance yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tsim, tsis yog hmoov zoo ntawm qhov kos
Sab nraum zoov LED fittings poob los ntawm corrosion thaum cov ntaub ntawv, txheej, thiab kho vajtse tsis tsim nyog rau ib puag ncig. Tau txais txoj cai no tsis nyuaj - nws yuav tsum paub tias muaj kev hem thawj twg tam sim no, sib piv cov ntsiab lus rau cov kev hem thawj ntawd, thiab txheeb xyuas qhov tshwj xeeb nrog cov ntaub ntawv xeem es tsis yog daim ntawv thov.
Ntawm Sunhingstones, peb Super Bright Waterproof Sab Nraud Phab Ntsa Teeb Rau Lub Vaj muaj ntau yam khoom siv thiab txheej txheem sib tw rau cov qauv vaj, nroog, thiab ntug dej hiav txwv ib puag ncig - nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj tsuag ntsev thiab cov khoom siv tag nrho muab rau txhua yam khoom.
